So do lies emanating from indeliberate or deliberate unreliability of witnesses. Faked photographs play a part in lying propaganda.

Other forms of lying propaganda which counter-propaganda has to meet are deliberate exaggeration and concealment of the truth. There are deliberate forgeries and omissions in documents given to the public. General obsessions, started by false rumors, play their part.

There are lies of which a government may know, which for good reasons are not denied by officialdom. There are hysterical hallucinations by individuals responsive to this kind of manifestation. There are deliberate unofficial lies, which a government may put into the mouths of unofficial spokesmen. There are deliberate official lies which may be put out by a government through official spokesmen or bureaus. Categories of lies to be met by the counter propagandist have been catalogued by commentators on the subject. Counter-propaganda must be prepared to meet falsehoods and lies. There is, of course, no guarantee that the enemy may not be employing lies and falsehoods in its propaganda. Horror stories, says the author, should have authoritative, or seemingly authoritative sources. Many of these, like the story of the Turk who sits before a tubful of eyes of his tortured captives, go back to the Crusades.

This weapon will conquer disunity and defeatism at home, he states. (5) Make the public believe that unfavorable news is due to enemy cunning. (4) Fortify the mind of the people, who already believe that the opposing enemy is responsible for the war, with examples of the enemy's insolence and depravity. Security, peace, a better social order, vindication of international laws, are frequently projected as war aims, according to his findings. The Allies made successful counter-propaganda out of it. In the last war, the Germans failed to do this successfully. (2) Call for unity and victory, in the name of history and the deity. All wars, then, become defensive wars to those engaged in them, he says. (I) Fasten the war guilt on the opposing nation.

In Propaganda Technique in the World War, published in this country in the late nineteen twenties, an attempt is made by the author, a social scientist, to isolate the purposes of war propaganda:

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